![]() ![]() Not surprisingly, in the majority of species examined to date, males possess sex-specific visually-mediated displays that are important during courtship –. Jumping spiders (Family: Salticidae) are visual specialists among the arthropods. Comprehensive study of the signals themselves is an overlooked, yet crucial component of animal behavior research. Additionally, biases in human senses have led to an oversimplification in the potential information contained in animal signals –, and in some instances even failed to identify the modalities and signals most involved in female choice –. Although complex signaling has become a recent focus of much communication research, careful dissection of signaling behavior and the signals involved in mating interactions is often missing from these studies. Moreover, females may evaluate only one, or a few, traits at a time with complex male signals or instead, they may process many signal components together to facilitate the evaluation of potential mates –. In contrast, different multi-modal signal components may independently reflect the same information, providing back-up for intrinsic signaling errors (redundant signal hypothesis ). For instance, each component of multi-modal signals may be informative to females in a different way (multiple message hypothesis ). The adaptive significance of multi-modal signal structure, however, is not well understood. combinations of tactile, visual, acoustic, etc. Research on animal courtship has demonstrated that males of many species produce elaborate multi-component signals spanning more than one sensory modality (multi-modal signals e.g.
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